reversible_irreversible
1.英文改错求助!!!!!!
2.NASA“机智号”直升机准备在火星首飞 (英文翻译)
3.不是每一次努力都会有收获,但是,每一次收获都必须努力,这是一个不公平的不可逆转的命题。英语翻译
4.急性牙髓炎简介
5.irrigation的解释irrigation的解释是什么
One can not be closed
例句
有些货色你想要而没有,这是幸福不可缺乏的一局部。
To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of happiness.
恢复谈判,似乎是一个可望而不可及的目标,双方都挖有绊倒了多年的谈判立场。
The resumption of talks seems an elusive goal, with both sides digging in to positions that have tripped up negotiations foryears.
而另外一个不可忽视的事实是,随着一种商业革命的展开,品牌忠诚正受到来自各方的冲击。
And another fact that can not be ignored, with the launch of a business revolution, brand loyalty is from the impact of theparties.
朋友之间本不应该收利息的,可一涉及到钱,有些人就变得很贪婪。
Friends should never charge interest, but some people are greedy when it comes to money.
世上有可以挽回的和不可挽回的事,而时间经过就是一种不可挽回的事。
In the world there could be irreparable and irreversible things, and time is after is a kind of irreversible thing.
一项发价,即使是不可撤销的,于拒绝通知送达发价人时终止。
An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
荤食是酸的,最好是吃鱼,可吃一点鸡肉,而不吃牛肉或猪肉。
A meat-based diet is acidic and it is best to eat fish, and a little chicken rather than beef or pork.
另一项协议可使澳洲旅游向中国的个人消费者促销产品,而不只是对旅游团。
Another enables tourism australia to promote products to individual chinese customers and not just tour groups.
生存权位于人权的核心,而环境权作为一项基本人权是不可剥夺、不可放弃和替代的权利。
The right to life lies in the central core of human rights. Environmental right is not a right that can be waived orsurrendered.
英文改错求助!!!!!!
词根vert来源于拉丁动词 vertere/versus 转动,词根vers为此词的反复形式 versare 的词干部分,也是动名词 versum 的词干部分,可用来构成动词、名词或形容词。这族同根词数量较大;可理解为:词根 -var- 圆 / 转的变体;词根 -vert- 也可以理解为是根据辅音的交替规律由 -vers- 变来的,属于单辅音交替规律,如:versatile 可转性的、conversion 转化 / 变换、avert 掉转、convert 转化;同义词根有verg,rot和来自希腊语的stroph等,以及来自盎格鲁一撒克逊语的tour。
1.? avert ?[a-=awary,vert=turn;’to turn away”,’转移”→移开] [眼睛和脸离开某物转移方向a
vt. 避开(灾难等),避免(危险等),转移(目光,思想等)
avertible/avertable adj. 可避免的
I usually avert my eyes if I see someone stumble in the street.(如果看见有人在路上绊倒,我大都会向别处看。)
2.? evert ?v. [e- = ex- =out,vert 转,-->转向外面 -->向着外面] 外翻;翻转
3.? inadvertent ?adj. 不注意的;疏忽的 (in- = not;ad- = to )
inadvertences;ency n.不注意;疏忽
4.? pervert ?v. [per = thoroughly ,vert 转,-->把背对着正直的道路] 曲解;误解;误用 n.堕落的人;性变态者
perversion n. 曲解,误解,变态
perverse adj.刚愎的;任性的
5.? universe ?n. 宇宙;全世界;全人类(把万物合成一体)(uni = one)
universal adj. 全世界的;一般的,宇宙的
6.? university ?n.大学;大学的校舍(把几个学院合成一体)
7.? subversive ?adj. [见上,-ive形容词后缀,…的] 颠覆性的
8.? divert ?v. [di-=dis-分开,离,vert转;’由学习或工作中转移开] ,使消遣;[转离] 转向,使转移
9.? diversion ?n. [见上,-ion名词后缀] ,消遣,转向,转移
10.? adverse ?adj. [ad-表示to,vers转;’转过来”→反转→相反→敌对] (在位置或方向上)逆的,相反的,(引申为)敌对的
11.? adversity ?n. [见上,advers(e)逆的,-ity名词后缀,表示情况,状态] 逆境,不幸,苦难
12.? adversary ?n. [见上,advers(e)敌对的,-ary表示人] 对手,敌手
13.? divorce ?v. [di-=dis-分开,散,vorc=vers转;’to turn apart”] 离婚,分离,脱离
14.? reverse ?[re-回,反→倒,vers转]
v. 倒转,翻转,回复,反向
reversion [见上,-ion名词后缀] 倒转,翻转,回复,反向
reversible [见上,-ible形容词后缀,可…的] 可倒转的,可逆的
15.? introvert ?[intro-向内,vert转] 使(思想)
n. 内向,内省,使内弯,内向性格的人
irreversible [ir-不,见上] 不可倒转的,不可逆的
introversion? [见上,-ion名词后缀] 内向,内省,内弯
16.? extrovert ?n. [extro-=extra-外,vert转,转向] 外向性格的人
17.? convert ?[con-加强意义,vert转→转变]
v. 变换,转变
conversion n. [见上,-ion名词后缀] 变换,转化
18.? versatile ?adj. [vert 转,转向,-ile 形容词后缀,-->转向多方面的 -->多方面有才艺的] 多才多艺的;多方面的
19.? controvert ?[contro-=contra-相反,相对,vert转;’to turn against”,针锋相对]
v. 争论,辩论,论战,反驳
controversy [见上,-y名词后缀] 争论,论战,争吵
controversial? [见上,-ial形容词后缀,…的] 争论的,好争论的
20.? invert ?[in-内,vert转;’内转”→翻转]
v. 倒转,使倒转,使反向,倒置,转换
inverse adj. [见上] 相反的,倒转的
inversion n. [见上,-ion名词后缀] 反向,倒转,转换
inversive adj. [见上, -ive 形容词后缀,…的] 反向的,倒转的
21.? diverse ?[di-=dis-离,分开,分数,vers转;’转离原样”,’转为多样的”]
adj. (和…)不一样的,多种多样的,形形的
diversify v. [见上,-i-,-fy动词后缀,使…] 使不同,使多样化
diversified adj. [见上,-ed形容词后缀,…的] 多样化的
diversification n. [见上,-fication名词后缀…化] 多样化
22.? diversiform ?adj. [见上,-form有…形状的] 各种形状的,各式各样的
23.? diversity ?n. [见上,-ity名词后缀,表示性质,情况] 多样性,变化,异样
24.? retrovert ?[retro-向后,vert转;’转向后”]
v. 使向后弯曲,使反转,使后倾
retroversion n. [见上,-ion名词后缀] 后转,后倾,倒退,回顾
25.? version ?n. [vers转,-ion名词后缀;’转”→转换→由一种文字转换为另一种文字→转译→转译的文字] 译文,译本,翻译
26.? vertigo ?n. [vert转→旋转,-igo名词后缀,表示疾病,头’旋转”] 头晕,晕眩,晕头转向
27.? vertex ?n. 顶点;[天文]天顶;[解剖]头顶;[数学]顶点(上升物往下转变的那一点)
28.? vortex ?n.漩涡;旋风(回旋的东西)
29.? averse ?adj. 厌恶的;反对的;不愿意的(回避的态度)
30.? advertise ?v.[ad-表示to向,vert转,-ise动词后缀,使…;’使(人的注意力)转向…”→使人注意到…→引起人注意] 登广告,为…做广告,大肆宣扬
31.? advertisement ?n. [见上,-ment名词后缀,表示行为,行为的结果] 广告,登广告
32.? anniversary ?n.[ann年,-i-,连接字母,vers转,-ary名词后缀;’时间转了一年”] 周年纪念日,周年纪念;[-ary形容词后缀,…的] 周年纪念的,周年的
33.? subvert v. [sub-下,由下,vert转.翻转;’由下翻转”] 推翻,颠覆
34.? subversion ?n. [见上,vert=vers,-ion名词后缀] 推翻,颠覆
NASA“机智号”直升机准备在火星首飞 (英文翻译)
英文改错
1) Problems with the new data management software showed up soon after it was(删) launched.
2) In other words, grammatical metaphor examined in the semantic model can't(couldnot) be viewed as the result of transference.
3) Before spelling out exactly what this means, it is worth first asking whether translating machinery is necessarily irreversible(or not).
4) Being in charge, the accusation was particularly annoying to(删) me. 5) However, there were other patients whose lives had (been) ended by suicide.
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不是每一次努力都会有收获,但是,每一次收获都必须努力,这是一个不公平的不可逆转的命题。英语翻译
原文:
Now uncocooned from its protective carbon-fiber shield, the helicopter is being readied for its next steps.
翻译:
在脱离碳纤维防护罩的保护后,“机智号”(Ingenuity)直升机正为下一步做准备。
原文:
NASA is targeting no earlier than April 8 for the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter to make the first attempt at powered, controlled flight of an aircraft on another planet. Before the 4-pound (1.8-kilogram) rotorcraft can attempt its first flight, however, both it and its team must meet a series of daunting milestones.
Ingenuity remains attached to the belly of NASA’s Perseverance rover, which touched down on Mars Feb. 18. On March 21, the rover deployed the guitar case-shaped graphite composite debris shield that protected Ingenuity during landing. The rover currently is in transit to the “airfield” where Ingenuity will attempt to fly. Once deployed, Ingenuity will have 30 Martian days, or sols, (31 Earth days) to conduct its test flight campaign.
“When NASA’s Sojourner rover landed on Mars in 1997, it proved that roving the Red Planet was possible and completely redefined our approach to how we explore Mars. Similarly, we want to learn about the potential Ingenuity has for the future of science research,” said Lori Glaze, director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters. “Aptly named, Ingenuity is a technology demonstration that aims to be the first powered flight on another world and, if successful, could further expand our horizons and broaden the scope of what is possible with Mars exploration.”
Flying in a controlled manner on Mars is far more difficult than flying on Earth. The Red Planet has significant gravity (about one-third that of Earth’s), but its atmosphere is just 1% as dense as Earth’s at the surface. During Martian daytime, the planet’s surface receives only about half the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth during its daytime, and nighttime temperatures can drop as low as minus 130 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 90 degrees Celsius), which can freeze and crack unprotected electrical components.
To fit within the available accommodations provided by the Perseverance rover, the Ingenuity helicopter must be small. To fly in the Mars environment, it must be lightweight. To survive the frigid Martian nights, it must have enough energy to power internal heaters. The system – from the performance of its rotors in rarified air to its solar panels, electrical heaters, and other components – has been tested and retested in the vacuum chambers and test labs of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.
“Every step we have taken since this journey began six years ago has been uncharted territory in the history of aircraft,” said Bob Balaram, Mars Helicopter chief engineer at JPL. “And while getting deployed to the surface will be a big challenge, surviving that first night on Mars alone, without the rover protecting it and keeping it powered, will be an even bigger one.”
翻译:
NASA的计划是尝试“机智号”(Ingenuity)火星直升机在另一个行星上的首飞,而时间不会早于4月8日。然而在这艘重达4磅(1.8公斤)的旋翼机进行首飞前,它和它的团队必须经历一系列艰巨的里程碑。
2月18日,NASA的“毅力号”探测器(Perseverance rover)在火星着陆,此时“机智号”(Ingenuity)仍搭载在“毅力号”探测器的腹部。3月21日,“毅力号”探测器为“机智号”安装了吉他盒形的石墨复合碎片防护罩(上图),以确保它能安全着陆。目前,“毅力号”探测器正在前往“起飞点”的途中,“机智号”将在那里尝试首飞。一旦部署完毕,“机智号”将有30个火星日(31个地球日)的时间来进行它的测试飞行。
“在1997年,当NASA的探测器登陆火星时,已经证明了在火星上探测的可能性,并且完全重定义了我们探索火星的方式。相同地,我们也想了解到“独创性”(Ingenuity)对未来科学研究的潜在作用。”NASA 总部行星科学部主任 Lori Glaze 说,“机智号(Ingenuity)因此得名,它的目标是成为首个在其他行星运行的飞行器,如果成功的话,它将进一步扩展我们的视野,以及拓宽探索火星的范围。”
在火星上控制飞行器远比在地球上困难得多。这颗红色行星虽然拥有明显的重力(约是地球的三分之一),但是它的大气密度只有地球的1% 。在火星的日间,火星地表能接收到的太阳能只有地球的一半左右,而它的夜间温度会骤降至零下130华氏度(约零下90摄氏度),未受保护的电子元件将会被低温彻底冻坏。
为了能够满足“毅力号”探测器的装载条件,“机智号”直升机必须是小型的。为了能在火星环境中飞行,它又必须是轻型的。为了能在寒冷的火星夜间中生存,它还必须有足够的能量来驱动内部设备。这套系统——小到从它转子在稀薄空气中的性能,大到它太阳能电池板、电加热器和其他组件——都已经在真空缸以及NASA位于南加州的喷气推进实验室 (Jet Propulsion Laboratory,JPL)中进行过了反反复复的测试。
“自六年前开启这一旅程以来,我们迈出的每一步都是飞机历史上未知的领域。”喷气推进实验室的火星直升机总工程师 Bob Balaram 说,“尽管将飞行器部署到火星地表是一个巨大的挑战,但如果没有“毅力号”探测器的保护和供能,“机智号”单独在火星上度过的第一个夜晚会比前者更加艰难。”
原文:
翻译:
原文:
Before Ingenuity takes its first flight on Mars, it must be squarely in the middle of its airfield – a 33-by-33-foot (10-by-10-meter) patch of Martian real estate chosen for its flatness and lack of obstructions. Once the helicopter and rover teams confirm that Perseverance is situated exactly where they want it to be inside the airfield, the elaborate process to deploy the helicopter on the surface of Mars begins.
“As with everything with the helicopter, this type of deployment has never been done before,” said Farah Alibay, Mars Helicopter integration lead for the Perseverance rover. “Once we start the deployment there is no turning back. All activities are closely coordinated, irreversible, and dependent on each other. If there is even a hint that something isn’t going as expected, we may decide to hold off for a sol or more until we have a better idea what is going on.”
The helicopter deployment process will take about six sols (six days, four hours on Earth). On the first sol, the team on Earth will activate a bolt-breaking device, releasing a locking mechanism that helped hold the helicopter firmly against the rover’s belly during launch and Mars landing. The following sol, they will fire a cable-cutting pyrotechnic device, enabling the mechanized arm that holds Ingenuity to begin rotating the helicopter out of its horizontal position. This is also when the rotorcraft will extend two of its four landing legs.
During the third sol of the deployment sequence, a small electric motor will finish rotating Ingenuity until it latches, bringing the helicopter completely vertical. During the fourth sol, the final two landing legs will snap into position. On each of those four sols, the Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering (WATSON) imager will take confirmation shots of Ingenuity as it incrementally unfolds into its flight configuration. In its final position, the helicopter will hang suspended at about 5 inches (13 centimeters) over the Martian surface. At that point, only a single bolt and a couple dozen tiny electrical contacts will connect the helicopter to Perseverance. On the fifth sol of deployment, the team will use the final opportunity to utilize Perseverance as a power source and charge Ingenuity’s six battery cells.
“Once we cut the cord with Perseverance and drop those final 5 inches to the surface, we want to have our big friend drive away as quickly as possible so we can get the Sun’s rays on our solar panel and begin recharging our batteries,” said Balaram.
On the sixth and final scheduled sol of this deployment phase, the team will need to confirm three things: that Ingenuity’s four legs are firmly on the surface of Jezero Crater, that the rover did, indeed, drive about 16 feet (about 5 meters) away, and that both helicopter and rover are communicating via their onboard radios. This milestone also initiates the 30-sol clock during which time all preflight checks and flight tests must take place.
“Ingenuity is an experimental engineering flight test – we want to see if we can fly at Mars,” said MiMi Aung, project manager for Ingenuity Mars Helicopter at JPL. “There are no science instruments onboard and no goals to obtain scientific information. We are confident that all the engineering data we want to obtain both on the surface of Mars and aloft can be done within this 30-sol window.”
As with deployment, the helicopter and rover teams will approach the upcoming flight test methodically. If the team misses or has questions about an important preflight milestone, they may take one or more sols to better understand the issue. If the helicopter survives the first night of the sequence period on the surface of Mars, however, the team will spend the next several sols doing everything possible to ensure a successful flight, including wiggling the rotor blades and verifying the performance of the inertial measurement unit, as well as testing the entire rotor system during a spin-up to 2,537 rpm (while Ingenuity’s landing gear remain firmly on the surface).
翻译:
在“机智号”直升机的火星首飞开启之前,它必须正好位于起飞点的中央——一块33 * 33英尺(10 * 10米)大小,地形平坦且没有障碍物的平地。一旦直升机和探测器小组确认了“毅力号”已准确抵达他们所期望的正确位置,这个精心设计在火星表面上部署“机智号”直升机的过程就开始了。
“就像直升机相关的一切,这种部署方式前所未有。”火星直升机集成负责人 Farah Alibay 说。“一旦开始后便无法回头,所有行动都紧密相连,不可逆转,并相互依赖着。如果有迹象表明事情没有按照预期进行,我们可能会决定推迟一个火星日(长24小时37分22秒)甚至更长时间,直到有了更好的方法来推进。”
直升机部署过程需要花费六个火星日(地球上六天四个小时)。在第一个火星日,地球上的团队将激活螺栓断裂装置(bolt-breaking device),将这个把直升机和探测器在发射和着陆过程中紧密连接的锁固机制释放开来。在接下来的火星日,团队将启动一个用于切断线缆的引爆装置(cable-cutting pyrotechnic device),使得托住“机智号”的机械臂开始旋转,并将直升机推离其所在的水平位置,同时这也是旋翼机将它的四条着陆架中的两条延展出去的时候。
部署次序为第三个火星日时,将通过一个小型电机来旋转 “机智号”到锁定的位置,使其保持为完全垂直。到了第四个火星日,剩下的四条着陆架将迅速就位。前四个火星日的每一天中,可操作工程用广角地形传感器( Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering,WATSON)成像仪在逐渐展开进入飞行配置的过程中,将持续地拍摄“机智号”的跟踪照片。在最终位置,直升机将悬停在火星表面约5英寸(13厘米)的高度。到那时只需要一个螺栓和几十个电接点就能保持直升机和“毅力号”间的联系。在部署的第五个火星日,团队将用最后的机会把“毅力号”作为一个动力源,为“机智号”的六个电池组充电。
Balaram 说: “一旦我们切断“机智号”与“毅力号”的相连,从5英寸的高度下降到地面上,我们希望我们的大朋友(“毅力号”探测器)尽快开到更远些的地方去,这样我们才能让太阳光照射到它的太阳能电池板上,继续为电池充电。”
在部署阶段的第六个也是最后一个火星日,团队需要确认的有三件事:“机智号”的四条着陆架已牢牢地固定在 Jezero 陨石坑的表面上,探测器确确实实行驶了16英尺远(约5米),以及直升机和探测器都能通过机载无线电进行通信。这一里程碑也标志着所有飞行前必须进行的检查和测试已经完成,即将启动30个火星日的飞行测试。
“机智号是一项实验性的工程飞行测试——我们想看看我们能否能在火星上飞行。”喷气推进实验室“机智号”火星直升机项目经理MiMi Aung 说。“机上没有科学仪器,也没有获取科学信息的目标。我们相信,对我们所有想要的火星表面以及高空的工程数据都能在30个火星日的窗口期内完成获取。”
与部署一样,直升机和探测器团队也要有条不紊地做好即将到来的飞行测试。如果团队对飞行前的重要里程碑有疑问或者没弄清楚,他们可能需要一个或多个火星日来更好地理解这个问题。如果直升机能在火星表面部署后的第一个晚上存活下来,无论如何,研究小组都要在接下来的几个火星日,尽一切可能确保飞行成功。这包括摆动螺旋桨以及验证惯性模组(inertial measurement unit,IMU)的性能,还要测试整个旋翼系统自转至2537转/分钟的情况(此时“机智号”仍然牢牢地固定在火星表面)。
原文:
翻译:
原文:
Once the team is ready to attempt the first flight, Perseverance will receive and relay to Ingenuity the final flight instructions from JPL mission controllers. Several factors will determine the precise time for the flight, including modeling of local wind patterns plus measurements taken by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) aboard Perseverance. Ingenuity will run its rotors to 2,537 rpm and, if all final self-checks look good, lift off. After climbing at a rate of about 3 feet per second (1 meter per second), the helicopter will hover at 10 feet (3 meters) above the surface for up to 30 seconds. Then, the Mars Helicopter will descend and touch back down on the Martian surface.
Several hours after the first flight has occurred, Perseverance will downlink Ingenuity’s first set of engineering data and, possibly, images and video from the rover’s Navigation Cameras and Mastcam-Z. From the data downlinked that first evening after the flight, the Mars Helicopter team expects to be able to determine if their first attempt to fly at Mars was a success.
On the following sol, all the remaining engineering data collected during the flight, as well as some low-resolution black-and-white imagery from the helicopter’s own Navigation Camera, could be downlinked to JPL. The third sol of this phase, the two images taken by the helicopter’s high-resolution color camera should arrive. The Mars Helicopter team will use all information available to determine when and how to move forward with their next test.
“Mars is hard,” said Aung. “Our plan is to work whatever the Red Planet throws at us the very same way we handled every challenge we’ve faced over the past six years – together, with tenacity and a lot of hard work, and a little Ingenuity.”
翻译:
一旦团队准备开始尝试首飞,”毅力号“将接收到喷气推进实验室任务控制人员的最终飞行指令并传递给“机智号”。主要有几个因素来决定飞行的准确时间,包括通过”毅力号“上火星环境动力学分析仪(MEDA)测量的数据并结合局部风场模式模型得到的结果。“机智号”将运转到2537转/分钟,如果最后自检的情况还算不错,那就发射升空。在以每秒3英尺的速度爬升后,直升机将在离地面10英尺(3米)的高空盘旋30秒。然后,火星直升机将降落并重回到火星表面。
在首飞后的几个小时,”毅力号“将下链(从太空或飞行器接收信号的通讯方式)到“机智号”的第一组工程数据,可能还有来自探测器的导航摄像头以及桅杆相机的图像和视频。根据飞行后第一个晚上传回的数据,火星直升机小组希望能够确定他们第一次在火星上飞行的尝试是否成功。
在接下来的火星日中,所有余下在飞行过程中收集到的工程数据,以及一些来自直升机自身导航相机的低分辨率黑白图像,都会逐步下链到喷气推进实验室。第三个火星日阶段,应该能收到直升机的高分辨率彩色照相机拍摄的两幅图像。火星直升机小组将利用所有可用的信息来决定何时以及如何进行下一次测试。
“火星任务很艰难。” Aung 说。“我们的计划是,无论这颗红色星球给我们带来什么样的难题,我们都将以相同的方式来应对所面临的每一个挑战——正如过去六年来的同心协力、坚韧不拔、勤奋努力,再加上一点点的独创性(Ingenuity)。”
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原文:
While Ingenuity will attempt the first powered, controlled flight on another planet, the first powered, controlled flight on Earth took place Dec. 17, 1903, on the windswept dunes of Kill Devil Hill, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Orville and Wilbur Wright covered 120 feet in 12 seconds during the first flight. The Wright brothers made four flights that day, each longer than the previous.
A small amount of the material that covered one of the wings of the Wright brothers’ aircraft, known as the Flyer, during the first flight is now aboard Ingenuity. An insulative tape was used to wrap the small swatch of fabric around a cable located underneath the helicopter’s solar panel. The Wrights used the same type of material – an unbleached muslin called “Pride of the West” – to cover their glider and aircraft wings beginning in 1901. The Apollo 11 crew flew a different piece of the material, along with a small splinter of wood from the Wright Flyer, to the Moon and back during their iconic mission in July 1969.
翻译:
当“机智号”试图在另一个星球上进行首次动力控制飞行时,让我们回到地球上第一次动力控制飞行的时间。那是发生在1903年12月17日,北卡罗来纳州基蒂霍克附近的杀魔丘(Kill Devil Hill)的风沙垄上。在这次首飞中,莱特兄弟在12秒内飞行了120英尺。莱特兄弟在当天总共进行了四次飞行,每次飞行时间都比之前长。
莱特兄弟的飞机名为“飞行者”(Flyer),在它首飞过程中覆盖在其中一个机翼的少量材料现在已经放在了“机智号”上。它位于直升机的太阳能电池板下面,通过绝缘胶带在电缆上包裹住了一捆布样 。那是一种名为“西部骄傲”的细棉布——莱特兄弟从1901年开始就使用这种材料来覆盖他们的滑翔机和飞机机翼。1969年7月,阿波罗11号的宇航员在他们众所周知的任务中,带着莱特兄弟“飞行者”上的一小块木头,飞向月球,然后返回地球。
急性牙髓炎简介
Not every endeavor will be fruitful, but! Harvest must work every time. This is an unfair proposition irreversible.
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irrigation的解释irrigation的解释是什么
目录 1 拼音 2 英文参考 3 概述 4 疾病名称 5 英文名称 6 分类 7 ICD号 8 急性牙髓炎的病因 9 急性牙髓炎的临床表现 9.1 症状 9.1.1 自发性阵发性痛 9.1.2 夜间痛 9.1.3 温度 *** 加剧疼痛 9.1.4 疼痛不能自行定位 9.2 体征 10 检查 11 急性牙髓炎的诊断 12 鉴别诊断 12.1 三叉神经痛 12.2 龈 *** 炎 12.3 急性上颌窦炎 13 急性牙髓炎的治疗 13.1 保存活髓 13.2 保存患牙 13.3 修复牙体缺损,恢复患牙的形态和功能 14 急性牙髓炎的预防 附: 1 治疗急性牙髓炎的穴位 1 拼音
jí xìng yá suǐ yán
2 英文参考acute pulpitis
3 概述不可复性牙髓炎(irreversible pulpitis)是一类病变较为严重的牙髓炎症,可发生于牙髓的某一局部,也可能涉及全部牙髓,甚至在炎症中心部位已发生不同程度的坏死。上述发生在牙髓组织中的炎症的范围和性质在临床上很难得以准确区分,而且此类牙髓炎症自然发展的最终结局均为全部牙髓坏死,几乎没有恢复正常的可能,临床治疗上只能选择摘除牙髓以去除病变的方法。所以,将这一类牙髓炎症统称为不可复性牙髓炎。但按其临床发病和病程经过的特点,又可分为急性牙髓炎(包括慢性牙髓炎急性发作)、慢性牙髓炎、残髓炎和逆行性牙髓炎。
急性牙髓炎(acute pulpitis)是指急性牙髓组织的炎症,其感染源主要来自深髓,牙髓的感染可通过根尖孔引起根尖感染,临床特点是发病急,疼痛剧烈。临床上绝大多数属于慢性牙髓炎急性发作的表现,龋源性者尤为显著。无慢性过程的急性牙髓炎多出现在牙髓受到急性的物理损伤、化学 *** 以及感染等情况下,如手术切割牙体组织等导致的过度产热、充填材料的化学 *** 等。
必须加以说明的是应该对临床上表现出来的急性症状与组织病理学上的急性炎症区分开来。真正意义上的急性牙髓炎很少引起疼痛,因为从组织病理学的角度来看,所谓的急性炎症过程是短暂的,很快就会转为慢性炎症或因得到引流而使急性炎症消退。但是,由炎症引起的急性症状却可持续较长时间,给患者造成巨大痛苦。出现疼痛的牙髓炎症多数为慢性炎症,而且炎症常已存在了相当长的时间。例如在深龋的进展过程中,牙髓早已有了慢性炎症,而此时,在临床上可能还未出现典型的急性症状。疼痛症状的出现常与作为渗出物引流通道的冠部开口被堵塞有关。因此,在临床诊断时,可将有急性疼痛症状出现者视为慢性炎症的急性发作。
迅速而有效地解决病人的疼痛是急性牙髓炎治疗的首要原则。采用局麻下开髓减压,抽去感染的牙髓,达到彻底止痛。随后根据患牙部位、患者牙齿的具体情况选择合适的牙髓治疗方法。对牙齿发育完成的牙齿,尽量进行根管治疗,严格掌握塑化治疗、干髓术的适应证。根尖尚未形成的年轻恒牙则应行根尖形成术。
4 疾病名称急性牙髓炎
5 英文名称acute pulpitis
6 分类口腔科 > 牙体牙髓病 > 牙髓病和根尖周病 > 牙髓病 > 不可复性牙髓炎
7 ICD号K04.0
8 急性牙髓炎的病因临床上绝大多数属于慢性牙髓炎急性发作的表现,龋源性者尤为显著。无慢性过程的急性牙髓炎多出现在牙髓受到急性的物理损伤、化学 *** 以及感染等情况下,如手术切割牙体组织等导致的过度产热、充填材料的化学 *** 等。
9 急性牙髓炎的临床表现 9.1 症状急性牙髓炎(包括慢性牙髓炎急性发作)的主要症状是剧烈疼痛,疼痛性质具有下列特点:
9.1.1 (1)自发性阵发性痛在未受到任何外界 *** 的情况下,突然发生剧烈的自发性尖锐疼痛,疼痛可分为持续过程和缓解过程,即所谓的阵发性发作或阵发性加重。在炎症的早期,疼痛持续的时间较短,而缓解的时间较长,可能在1天之内发作二三次,每次持续数分钟。到炎症晚期,则疼痛的持续时间延长,可持续数小时甚至1整天。而缓解时间缩短或根本就没有疼痛间歇期。炎症牙髓出现化脓时,患者可主诉患牙有搏动性跳痛。
9.1.2 (2)夜间痛疼痛往往在夜间发作,或夜间疼痛较白天剧烈。患者常因牙痛而难以入眠,或从睡眠中痛醒。
9.1.3 (3)温度 *** 加剧疼痛冷、热 *** 可激发患牙的剧烈疼痛。若患牙正处于疼痛发作期内,温度 *** 可使疼痛更为加剧。如果牙髓已有化脓或部分坏死,则患牙可表现为所谓的“热痛冷缓解”。这可能是因为牙髓的病变产物中有气体,受热后使其膨胀,致使髓腔内压力进一步增高,遂产生剧痛。反之,冷空气或凉水可使气体体积收缩,减小压力而缓解疼痛。临床上常见到患者携带凉水瓶就诊,随时含漱冷水进行暂时止痛。
9.1.4 (4)疼痛不能自行定位疼痛发作时,患者大多不能明确指出患牙。疼痛呈放散性或牵涉性,常常是沿三叉神经第2支或第3支分布区域放射至患牙同侧的上、下颌牙或头、颞、面部。但这种放散痛绝不会放散到患牙的对侧区域。
9.2 体征(1)患牙可查及极近髓腔的深龋或其他牙体硬组织疾患,有时也可见牙冠有充填体存在,或可查到患牙有深牙周袋。
(2)探诊常可引起剧烈疼痛。有时可探及微小穿髓孔,并可见有少许脓血自穿髓孔流出。
(3)温度测验时,患牙的反应极其敏感或表现为激发痛。 *** 去除后,疼痛症状要持续一段时间。也可表现为热测激发痛,冷测则缓解。进行牙髓活力电测验时,患牙的牙髓若处于早期炎症阶段,其反应性增强;若处于晚期炎症,则表现为迟钝。
(4)牙髓的炎症处于早期阶段时,患牙对叩诊无明显不适;处于晚期炎症的患牙,因牙髓炎症的外围区已波及根尖部的牙周膜,因此可出现垂直方向的轻度叩痛。
10 检查X摄片检查。
11 急性牙髓炎的诊断1.典型的疼痛症状。
2.患牙肯定可被查到有引起牙髓病变的牙体损害或其他病因。
3.牙髓活力测验,尤为温度测验结果以及叩诊反应可帮助定位患牙。对患牙的确定是诊断急性牙髓炎的关键。
12 鉴别诊断急性牙髓炎的主要症状为剧烈的牙痛。因此,在临床上遇到因牙痛主诉就诊的患者,应注意与那些可引起牙痛症状的其他疾病进行鉴别。
12.1 三叉神经痛三叉神经痛的发作一般有疼痛“扳机点”,患者每触及该点即诱发疼痛。患者在诉说病史时,往往忽略此点,应特别加以详细询问。再者三叉神经痛很少在夜间发作,且冷、热温度 *** 并不引发疼痛。
12.2 龈 *** 炎龈 *** 炎也可出现剧烈的自发性疼痛,但疼痛性质为持续性胀痛,对温度测验的反应为敏感,一般不会导致激发痛,患者对疼痛多可定位。检查时可发现患者所指示的部位龈 *** 有充血、水肿现象,触痛极为明显。患处两邻牙间可见有食物嵌塞的痕迹或可问及食物嵌塞史。一般不能查及可引起牙髓炎的牙体硬组织损害及其他疾患。
12.3 急性上颌窦炎患有急性上颌窦炎时,患侧的上颌后牙可出现类似牙髓炎的疼痛症状。这是因为上颌后牙根尖区的解剖部位恰与上颌窦底相邻接,且分布于该区域牙髓的神经是先经过上颌窦侧壁或窦底后再进入根尖孔内的。因此,上颌窦内的急性炎症可牵涉到相应上颌后牙的牙髓神经而引发“牙痛”,此时疼痛也可放散至头面部而易被误诊。但通过仔细检查,可发现在急性上颌窦炎时所出现的疼痛为持续性胀痛,患侧的上颌前磨牙和磨牙可同时受累而致二三颗牙均有叩痛,但无引起牙髓炎的牙体组织疾患。上颌窦前壁可出现压痛,同时,患者还可能伴有头痛、鼻塞、脓涕等上呼吸道感染的症状。
13 急性牙髓炎的治疗临床治疗时,应采取的措施如下:
13.1 保存活髓去除病源,护髓安抚。
13.2 保存患牙(1)缓解急症:建立引流,消炎止痛。
(2)控制感染:消除感染源,杜绝再感染。
13.3 修复牙体缺损,恢复患牙的形态和功能 14 急性牙髓炎的预防保持口腔卫生,养成早晚刷牙的良好习惯,避免牙齿受伤及冷热 *** 。
治疗急性牙髓炎的穴位 夹承浆。1、面神经麻痹,三叉神经痛,面肌痉挛。2、急性牙髓炎,牙龈炎,根尖周炎等。刺灸法:直刺0.2~0...
颊车十三鬼穴之一,统治一切癫狂症。五官科系统疾病:牙髓炎,冠周炎,腮腺炎,下颌关节炎,咬肌痉挛;精神神...
齿牙十三鬼穴之一,统治一切癫狂症。五官科系统疾病:牙髓炎,冠周炎,腮腺炎,下颌关节炎,咬肌痉挛;精神神...
曲牙十三鬼穴之一,统治一切癫狂症。五官科系统疾病:牙髓炎,冠周炎,腮腺炎,下颌关节炎,咬肌痉挛;精神神...
鬼床irrigation的意思是:n.灌溉;[医]冲洗。
irrigation的意思是:n.灌溉;[医]冲洗。irrigation的双解释义是n.(名词)[U]灌溉waterisprovidedtodryland。irrigation的读音是英[__r_'ɡe__n];美[__r_'ɡe__n]。
一、双解释义点此查看irrigation的详细内容
n.(名词)[U]灌溉waterisprovidedtodryland二、网络解释
1.灌溉:灌溉施肥(Fertigation)是将施肥(Fertilization)与灌溉(Irrigation)结合在一起的一项农业技术,它是借助压力灌溉系统,在灌溉的同时将由固体肥料或液体肥料配兑而成的肥液一起输入到作物根部土壤的一种方法.
2.冲洗:怀疑上消化道出血,如吐血或解黑便时,放置鼻胃管冲洗(irrigation)或是接上减压袋可以了解是否真的为上消化道出血,或了解是否为持续性大量出血,需要紧急安排胃镜或是其它治疗.
3.irrigation
3.洗净:副作用SideEffect|洗净Irrigation|注射Injection
4.冲洗法:irreversibleshock不可逆休克|irrigation冲洗法|irrigator冲洗器
三、例句
Waterischannelledthroughaseriesofirrigationcanals.
把水引入一系列灌溉渠中。
Weusedthemoneytosetupanirrigationproject.
我们把钱用在兴建灌溉工程上了。
Irrigationisneededtomakecropsgrowindryregions.
干旱地区需要灌溉才能使作物生长。
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
如果管理不善,灌溉还可能有害处。
Irrigationisimportantforfarming.
灌溉对农业是非常重要的。
Nevertryirrigationiftheeardrumisbroken.
如果耳膜破了,千万不要尝试这种冲洗法。
四、常见句型
用作名词(n.)Irrigationisneededtomakecropsgrowindryregions.
要使庄稼在干旱地区生长,需要灌溉。Thisisanirrigationproject.
这是一项水利工程。五、经典引文
Theoccasionalgreensquarewherecropswerebeinggrownunderirrigation.attrib.:
出自:E.Heath六、词源解说
☆1610年左右进入英语,直接源自拉丁语的irrigatio,意为灌溉,水利。irrigation的相关临近词
IR、IRDS
点此查看更多关于irrigation的详细信息
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