knowingly_unknowingly

2024-07-13 10:04:21

1.还是翻译，谢了！

2.12种不同的看的意思

3.好心人请帮忙翻译一下啊急

4.大学体验英语(Experiencing English)综合教程.第4册.答案

5.求一个与“知识就是力量”这句名言有关的英文小故事！！！！

6.ICH-GCP 9.1 Research Misconduct（1）

knowingly_unknowingly

Where an interrogation is conducted without the presence of an attorney and a statement is taken, a hey burden rests on the Government to demonstrate that the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel.

要是执行审问在过程中没有律师出席，并得到陈述，有重大的责任证明被告在知情和理智的情况下放弃了自己申请律师的权利。

Where the individual answers some questions during in-custody interrogation, he has not waived his privilege, and may invoke his right to remain silent thereafter.

要是一个人在拘留审讯期间回答一些问题，他没有放弃自己的权利，那么可以在之后行使保持沉默的权利。

不是学法律的，有些语言可能不是很专业，见谅

祝你学习进步，更上一层楼！ (*^__^*) 不明白的再问哟，请及时纳，多谢！

还是翻译，谢了！

欧盟统一的法定审计制度：挑战与改革

产生于美国的公司治理的概念是在上个世纪90年代开始在欧洲大陆为越来越多的人所认识，但这不意味着欧盟各国乃至欧盟本身没有更早关注到影响上市公司内部治理结构和外部竞争力的相关因素。对于上市公司财务审计以及信息披露的重视，也使得欧盟早在年就发布了关于法定独立审计的欧盟第8号公司法指令(以下简称“第8号指令”)，有关审计的规定也在第4号和第7号公司法指令中有所体现。2006年欧盟又对第8号指令进行了修改，新的指令取代了旧的版本，并且，各个成员国都要在2008年6月29日之前调整国内法，以保证与第8号指令的协调。

欧盟改革的道路并不十分顺畅，仅从第8号指令的修改过程看，对法定审计人员的责任属性及承担责任的范围等方面的认识，不同国家还是有源于历史的、国内法上差距，而且，市场的可能反映也是不容忽视的因素。本文拟从公司治理的角度对该指令的改革意义、重点以及对不同形式的规则选择加以讨论，期望对欧盟改革法定审计的审视有助于国内对这一领域完善立法的重视，而且能从更广泛的视角认识到审计对提升公司治理及构建有活力的资本市场的重要意义。

一、公司治理中的审计及其对公司治理的意义

20世纪30年代，大型公司带来的所有与经营分离(Separation of Ownership and Management)的现象引发了人们对公司治理问题的关注，时至今日，对于公司治理的探讨来自不同的需求和不同的角度，所以，我们至今也难以得出一个让多数人满意的单一表达。不过，来自不同领域的研究者都希望，面对公司所有与经营分离的态势，能够通过对公司治理下各种现象的研究，找出解决公司内部权力配置和外部竞争时遭遇的问题的方法，使得公司取得更好的绩效，在市场上更有竞争力{1}。

在欧洲大陆及美国，从事比较公司治理研究的学术界主要关注以下三个方面的问题{2}：

一是公司的内部治理架构及其代表的权力配置模式，比如，美国的单层制模式(One-tier System)德国以全能银行(Universal Bank)和雇员共同决策(Co-determination)为支柱的双层制(Two-tier system)，以及对不同模式产生路径的研究和预测未来趋同趋势的论证。

二是公司的外部治理，考察产品、劳动力、资本市场等外部因素对公司内部治理的影响，特别是控制权的变化对公司治理的影响。

三是连接内外部治理的中介因素，比如，披露和审计;公司信息，包括公司财务方面的信息来自公司内部，并经过审计师的审核对外发布，其影响延伸至公司的外部;接受了公司内部信息的各种来自于外部市场力量的反应又会对发布信息的公司产生影响。所以，建立通畅的信息流动渠道，保持审计师及审计机构的独立性与客观性也成为公司治理关注的课题。

多年以来，学术界对三个方面的关注程度不同，美国的JohnCoffee教授认为，多年的公司治理研究多局限于董事会和股东，即关注公司的内部治理架构，但是少有人注意到专业人士在公司治理中的地位和作用，在他看来，包括审计师在内的专业人士可称为公司的“看门人”(Gatekeepers)，董事是看门人看管的“囚徒”。看门人不仅是具有专业技能的独立外部人员，他们从公司的行为中发现或证实不当或错误，审查公司的行为是否符合法律、标准或程式;更加重要的是，在公司发行人提供信息之时，看门人还要持续承担有名誉的中介人的责任，保证投资人得到真实、准确的信息{3}。

公司治理的三个主要领域是相互关联的，欧盟公司治理的改善也是从内、外部及中介因素三个方面入手，所以，来自包括审计师的监督对于构建和完善公司治理的内部结构和外部市场都是必不可少的，对于包括审计师在内的中介环节的重要性的认识，不仅在今天成为欧盟评价公司治理和资本市场的一个“风向标”，而且，早在上个世纪80年代就已经伴随欧盟公司法的协调而在立法层面受到关注{2}。

欧盟统一公司法的努力早在1968年就已经结出成果，当时欧盟通过了第一个公司法指令。关于独立法定审计的指令是欧盟年通过的第8个指令，有关审计的内容也体现在更早的第4号和第7号公司法指令中。从欧盟公司法统一化实践看，对于独立审计的重视早有共识。比如，早在1996年，欧洲委员会就对在欧盟层面的法定审计应取进一步的行动的范围和需求进行了反思，并编定了《欧盟法定计角色、地位和义务》并在两年后提供了《欧盟法定审计的未来》{4}。可见，审计是欧盟公司法协调一个长期受到重视的议题，欧洲委员会曾为独立审计建议了十项行动，具体规划了欧盟及其成员国应为建立更有效率、更具有公信力的独立审计所应付诸行动的具体步骤和措施，以期完善公司治理，改进公众对行业的监督，完善审计质量保证体系，强化惩戒措施和效力，提高透明度，打破跨国服务的障碍{4}。最近的修改是2006年5月17日发布的修订后的第8号指令;同年6月14日，欧盟又对第4号指令和第7号指令也进行了修订{5}。从效果上看，第8号公司法指令将对于欧洲约7000家上市公司产生影响。

二、安然的影响：对法定审计及其独立性的重视不断强化

2001年之后几次资本市场的丑闻(诸如安然、世通和意大利的帕玛拉特)使得欧盟加快了对于法定审计的改革步伐。总的说来，欧盟在2001年后的举措是考虑到以下几个方面的因素：内一是发生在美国及欧洲的公司财务丑闻使得欧盟和美国一样，必须重新评价已有的公司信息披露体系和审计系统及其缺陷，通过对第8号指令(共计五节31条)的评估，欧洲委员会发表了题为《欧盟就与安然相关政策问题的初步反应》的报告，分析了现有的欧盟层面有关法定审计的规定，特别是第8号指令以及与审计有关的第4号指令和第7号指令，指出第8号指令的内容过于简单，无法满足市场对法定审计及公司信息披露方面的要求，欧洲委员会就此提出了修订第8号指令的建议，2004年欧盟理事会和欧洲议会都同意修订前述的三个指令，其中，针对第8号指令的建议，欧盟理事会和欧洲议会已经同意总体上加强对法定审计的规定，具体修订的内容包括：审计登记的要求、建立审计指令评估方法、引入公共监控、按照欧盟认可的国际标准审计方法进行审计、不同成员国之间监督机构的相互合作系统以及与第三国的监督机构合作的系统，比如，加强与美国公众公司会计审查委员会的合作。另外，欧洲委员会也同意组织研究如何解决当公司出现丑闻时，审计人员常常成为公司赃款藏匿者角色的责任问题。到2005年10月，有关审计的通报(Communications)就已经完成{6}。

二是为对美国的《萨班斯法》（Sarbanes-OxleyAct）的努力有所回应，对制度竞争有所表示，欧盟也在2002年之后不断修订和提出新的公司法指令的尝试，其中，有关审计人员及审计的提议是最重要的两大议题之一。但是，考虑到审计的特殊性和欧盟对审计的持续关注，在2003年欧洲公司法改革高层小组提交的改革建议之下，欧盟理事会的改革更提出了短、、长期的规划，即《公司法行动》（European Commission Company Law Action Plan，以下简称《行动》）所体现的内容。与此同时，欧盟也专门发布了《关于法定审计的十项行动》分头推进。

由于美国安然、世通和欧洲大陆的一些公司丑闻加深了人们对审计重要性的认识，特别是美国《萨班斯法》的出台，欧盟对属于公司治理中介环节的审计提出了新的要求{7}，有关中、短期行动已经出台{6}，力求亡羊补牢。而且，在具体方法上，欧盟与美国的做法也有相同之处。比如，2002年欧盟已经通过立法用国际会计标准(IAS Regulation)。到2006年修订的有关审计的公司法指令要求，每个公众公司内部应设置审计委员会，这是强制性的要求。这和美国对上市公司的要求是一致的。

三是欧盟公司法指令，包括对于法定审计的改革措施的推出也受到各成员国的改革促动，比如，英国是欧盟各国中最早对安然给予反映的国家，英国快速提出了“后安然时代的改革激励措施”(Post-Enron Incentives){8}。虽然也有学者认为，英国的反映是个别国家的单独选择，并非是欧盟对策之必然组成部分{8}，但是，成员国的快速应对必然促使欧洲委员会考虑尽快完善制度，防止严重的同类在欧盟的资本市场反复出现，损害欧洲资本市场的公信力，造成资本的浪费和投资者信心的挫伤。不仅如此，成员国的改革内容也对欧盟层面的改革提供了直接的启发，从内容上看，欧盟第8号指令的修订内容与英国公司法改革的审计内容非常一致。英国2006年公司法修订案第16章(Part16)包括详细的条款，规定了审计人员的责任。比如，有关审计人员与公司签订的责任限制协议(LLAs)，明确该类协议的范围(第534条)；一旦审计人员对公司行为不当，禁止他排除责任或从公司获得豁免(第532条)；对于有意地(Knowingly)或卤莽地(Recklessly)将误导性的信息加入审计报告的审计人员给予刑事处罚(第507条)，等等{9}。修订后的第8号公司法指令也有相似的规定。

三、改革成果的形式

欧盟公司法统一的主要形式有：规则(Regulations)、指令(Directives)和决定(Decisions)。按照欧洲共同体条约第189条及第191条的规定，规则直接适用到各个成员国，指令需要各个成员国将其转化为国内法加以适用，但对具体的转化形式，条约没有规定。决定也是具有法律效力的文件，对于决定所指的成员国和企业等有约束力。除此之外，欧盟理事会和欧洲委员会也可纳建议(Recommendations)或意见(Opinions)的形式，后两者在理论上是没有法律约束力的。除此之外，欧洲委员会也用通报(Communications)的形式，在具体情形下，通报可能产生一定的法律效力{10}。

在公司法协调化的进程中，欧盟并非功成名就，而是刚刚起步，对于哪些内容应由欧盟法加以规定，在欧盟和成员国之间仍有争议，不仅在政治家之间很难统一意见，即使在法学家和经济学家之间也没有定论，不过，他们更加关心的是所谓“立法者的竞争”与“一切交给市场”的界限。在美国，“立法者的竞争”和“一切交给市场”是随处可听到的争论口号，这一争论也在欧洲出现，不过在一般意义上，欧洲人有一种共识：欧洲内部市场应当有某种程度的联邦公司不断推出。

但是，随着公司、证券乃至资本市场的立法越来越广而且速度越来越快，依靠复杂的程序不断推出新的公司法规定及指令固然必要，但是欧盟也意识到，必须出台多种形式的法律文献，以便各个成员国选择纳和快速实施。规则和指令并不是唯一的选择。在公司治理的自律性规则(Self-regulationRules/Codes)越来越在各个成员国流行之时，所谓“硬法”(Hard Laws)和“软法”(Soft Laws)的变化选择也使欧盟层面的规定有了新的考虑。勿庸置疑，硬法包括前面提及的规则、指令、决定以及国内法的改革措施，比如，关于法定审计的第8号公司法指令一直用“硬法”的形式，该种形式选择的本身也表明了欧盟对独立法定审计的重视、欧洲委员会对连续财务丑闻打击下重振市场信息的强硬手段以及各个成员国对于欧盟审计改革举措的认可;而软法则指向欧洲委员会向欧盟理事会和欧洲议会提交的通报、各个成员国公司法改革中的最佳行为守则(Codeson Best Practice)、统一的会计审查标准(Standards)等文献，其效力介于“具有法律拘束力和没有法律拘束力之间”，但是，不可否认的是，它们往往“产生实际效果”。

从成果形式看，大一统的公司法并不是欧盟追求的理想，欧盟内外的国家间的制度竞争是促使欧盟及成员国不断改革公司法的动因，在实践中，究竟应当进一步加强监管立法，还是交由市场解决所有的问题，在美国和欧洲大陆都是有争议的。按照2001年成立的公司法高层专家小组的建议报告，欧盟改革公司法的努力也并非必须以“指令”或“规则”形式出台，以免日后在成员国的推行困难，也可考虑更有效率的“建议”形式(软法)，甚至可以考虑建立有利害关系的各方能够进行讨论的机制，也是会对各方都有裨益的建制。总之，为了能够尽快出台对策和获得欧盟各成员国及资本市场参与者的认同，并为他们留下通融的空间，用软法的形式和设定未来沟通和进一步协调的途径，这是具有现实意义的选择。

由于公众公司的审计关系到公司及资本市场的公信力，关系到众多投资者的投资权益，所以，欧盟成员国早就有共识：法定审计指令中的内容，特别是审计的职业资格、独立性等应以“硬法”的形式出现，而且，受到美国立法的启发，到2006年修订的有关审计的公司法指令，欧盟也要求每个公众公司内部应设置审计委员会，这也是强制性的要求。不仅如此，早在2005年2月15日，欧洲委员会的建议中已经提到，公众公司董事会至少要设置三个委员会：提名、薪酬和审计委员，这也成为欧洲各主要证券对公众公司的强制性要求。

四、欧盟法定审计改革的着力之处

从内容上看，修订后的第8号公司法指令继承和发扬了原来的指令，具体的方式如下：

1.有关法定审计人员及审计师事务所的执业资格的内容，与原指令保持一致。

2.有关法定审计人员的独立性，修订后的指令扩充了原来的内容，使之成为2006年修订的着力之作。

在安然等财务丑闻爆发之前，无论是否充分，美国和欧盟都已经在法律中规定了审计人员的独立性，并且已经认识到审计人员等专业人士的独立性对于其履行对公司及投资公众的职责是必要的。不过，审计人员因与公司有合同关系，他们和律师和投资银行家一样，是公司聘请的并由公司付钱，公司的具体指令来自管理层，为公司财务提供审计是基于合同履行义务，但是，他们为公司的投资者利益，包括公司的债权人及公众利益负责，这是一种什么性质的责任呢？在美国，理论界和立法者都将审计人员视为“看门人”：他们既是公司聘请的看门人，“看管“公司的董事和高级管理人员；也是公共“看门人”，对投资公众承担的忠诚责任。以United States v. Arthur Young & Co.465 US805()案件为例，法官认为：”在核查对公众发布的、描述公司财务状况的报告时，独立审计人员承担超越其与客户关系的公共责任。独立公共审计人员执行着最终对公司债权人、股东和投资公众效忠的特别职能。这些公共‘看门人’的职责要求审计人员对其客户保持完全的独立和对公众信任的全部忠诚{3}”。

在21世纪初陆续爆发的财务丑闻后，欧盟的立法者也注意到，审计师事务所提供的服务往往不仅限于审计业务本身，它们也给客户提供投资咨询等其他非审计业务的服务，而且，美国的经验已经表明：从非审计服务中获得的收益可能远远高于从审计中获得的利润。审计人员及审计师事务所的利益冲突已是不争的事实，美国的统计非常说明问题：在20世纪的最后25年里，美国审计师事务所利润的12%-50%来自咨询费{5}。因此，如何在立法上着力规定审计人员的独立性，促使审计师及审计事务所保持不影响其公正、客观审计的独立判断，避免利益冲突，成为欧盟修改第8号指令的重点。

但是，即使有欧盟层面指令的规定，在审计人员、被审计公司及第三方构成的三角关系中，如何认定审计人员对第三方承担的责任性质呢？从上个世纪末欧盟内部的调查结果看，多数欧盟国家的国内法认定这一责任是侵权性质的，少数国家认为是契约和侵权责任的竞合{12}。因此，欧盟层面的立法并未提供一个统一的法律基础。当然，这也影响到在欧盟的立法中如何规定法定审计人员对第三方的责任，比如，归责原则、承担责任的范围、硬法和软法的选择，等等。

欧盟在这一问题上的犹豫是有原因的，面对强化审计人员对第三方责任的建议，欧盟考虑到了问题的另一面：一是强化审计人员的责任会引起审计专业人士的危机感，不利于营造宽松的审计环境，反而成为审计人员与被审计公司讨价还价的砝码;二是还有一种现实的担忧：随着安达信的退场，只有四大会计师事务所在国际市场竞争，如果强化责任，很有可能就在不远的将来引发垄断方面的更严峻困扰。考虑到这些问题，欧盟本身没有建议将审计的责任扩展至过失方面，而是交由国内法解决。但是也有学者建议仿效德国的实践：建立审计人员对第三人的责任，但审计人员仅对其重大过失引致的第三方损失负责。总之，关于欧洲委员会是否应当出面管制审计人员对第三人责任的问题，到目前为止仍有待进一步的讨论。

3.在审计标准和审计报告、质量保证体系、成员国的调查和处罚、公众监督和成员国间的监管安排与承认等方面，增补了新的内容，使得修订后的第8号公司法指令在体系上更加完整，在内容上更加充实。

结论

审计对上市公司信息披露的关键作用，在各个国家的立法中都有共识。本世纪初陆续爆发在世界不同资本市场的财务丑闻，使得各个相关国家都得以全面审视独立审计对公司治理的重要意义。美国、欧盟审计的改革是此后发生的典型事例，它们也启发了其他资本市场的监管者、投资公众、上市公司及审计人员，立法、修改立法、发布及完善行业准则已经成为这些地区及国家纷纷取的行动。我国立法者和专业领域的组织者也取了相应的行动{}，而且，我们也在继续关注主要资本市场的变化，希望能够从这些市场的变化，包括立法变化中发现我们未来完善立法的方向和监管工作的重点。

12种不同的看的意思

4. 发行。雇员, 代表他自己和他的代表, 配偶, 代理, 承继人和分配, 发布和释放公司和COMPANY's 前, 现在或未来官员, 雇员, 代表, 代理, 受托人, 律师, 股东, 承保人, 前辈, 父母, 会员, 收益, 后继者, 承继人主任, 和分配从任何并且所有要求、行动的责任、起因, 损伤、损失、每种类的要求或义务和自然, 是否现在知道或未知, 怀疑或无嫌疑, 雇员曾经有, 现在有, 或此后罐头, 将或可以有为, 在或根据的原因任何行动, 交易、实践、品行、问题、任何种类起因或事任何, 与相关或根据, 从全体或部份上, 任何行动, 交易、实践或品行在日期之前于此, 包括但对事态没限制应付就业的雇员的就业或终止以公司, 或在任何情况下关系与伤害或损伤由EMPLOYEE 遭受(熟悉或不知道) 。这发行和放电包括, 但不被限制对, 没要求出现在联邦之下, 州和地方法律或普通法, 包括, 但没限制对, 招工中年龄歧视法案("ADEA"), 标题VII 的民权行动1964 年, 加利福尼亚公平的就业和安置行动、要求为非法的放电根据任一种国家政策或公司的任一项政策, 要求为受托责任突破口, 和合同法和侵权行为; 并且任何要求为律师的费。雇员从未许诺提出诉讼或协助或开始任一次行动断言所有要求、损失、责任、要求, 或义务在此之下被发布。

5. 已知的或未知数要求。党明确地了解和同意, 这个协议延伸到每自然所有要求和亲切,知道或未知, 怀疑或无嫌疑, 过去, 现在, 或未来, 出现从或可归属对公司的任一品行和它的后继者、者, 和会员, 并且所有他们的雇员, 所有者, 股东, 代理, 官员, 前辈主任, 分配, 代理、代表, 和律师, 是否由EMPLOYEE 知道或是否雇员相信他也许有所有要求, 并且任何和所有权利授予了雇员在部分1542 年之下加利福尼亚民事规章或任一近似州法或联邦法律或章程, 明确地特此被放弃, 若可能。前述部分1542 年加利福尼亚民事规章读如下:

一般发行不延伸到债权人不知道或不怀疑存在在他的厚待在执行发行之时, 如果由他知道一定物质影响了他的解决与债家的要求。

好心人请帮忙翻译一下啊急

stare “盯着看”，指睁大眼睛盯着看，常带有好奇、吃惊、赞叹的眼神。(to look

for a long time with the eyes wide open, especially when supprised,

admired or frightened)

1）The little girl stared at the toys in the window.

小女孩盯着橱窗里的玩具看。

2）She quickly left the lounge when she found some guys staring at her.

她发现一些家伙盯着她看，她很快离开了休息室。

3）It's not polite to stare at a girl in the face.

盯着姑娘的脸瞧是不礼貌的。

4）During the press confrence, each boxer tried to stare the other down.

在新闻发布会上，每一个拳击手强盯着对方，想让他气馁。

glare “怒视”、“瞪眼”，指瞪着眼睛看，常有生气、发恼的眼神。（to look

directly and continuously at someone or something in an angry way）

1）The two men stood glaring drunkenly at each other, while the crowd looked

around.

两个人站在那里彼此怒目而视，四周有一群人围观。

2）The actress glared at the reporter when he asked her an awkward personal

question.

当记者问及关于她个人的尴尬问题时，这位女演员两眼愤怒地盯着他。

3）Tony redmond was glaring after him, his face contorted, white with rage .

托尼雷德蒙怒视着他，脸都变了形，气得刷白。

4）Nim glared at Paulsen, but contained his anger, saying nothing .

尼姆瞪了波尔森一眼，但却按住了怒火，一言未发。

gaze “凝视”、“注视”，指若有所思地地凝视；或出于好奇、羡慕、爱恋、惊异

而长时间目不转睛地看。(to look at something or someone for a long time,

especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about

something else.)

1）She stood by the window, gazing thoughtfully into the distance.

她站在窗前，若有所思地望着远处。

2）A fresh-faced little girl gazes in wonder at the bright fairground lights.

一个脸蛋红扑扑的小女孩好奇地盯着游乐场里那些明亮的彩灯。

3）He gazed at the picture for about two minutes and left without saying a word.

他凝视着照片大约两分钟, 一句话也没说就走了。

4）He gazed at his wife's photograph, and tears spouted from his eyes .

他看着妻子的照片，不禁泪如雨下。

peer “凝视”、“端详”，指因难以看清而眯着眼睛仔细地或吃力地看。(to look

carefully or with difficulty)

1）He had to peer at his book because the room was dark.

因为房间里很暗，他看书时可费劲了。

2）She peered at it through the sheets of rain but could not identify its shape

before it diseared again .

她透过雨幕紧盯着它看，但还没等看清它的形状，它就消失不见了。

3）He peered through the green hedge at the two dark figures under the tree .

他扒开绿篱，注视树下那两个模糊的身影。

4）Smith rubbed condensation off the inside of a porthole and peered out at the

boats bog up and down in the harbor .

史密斯用手抹去舷窗内的蒸气，看着港口内浮动的小船。

peep “窥视”、“偷看”、“瞥”。指通过洞空，缝隙向里。（to

secretly look at something for a short time, usually through a hole )

1）We found someone peeping into the room outside the windows.

我们发现有人从窗外向房间里。

2）You shouldn’t be curious to peep into others’ private life.

你不应该好奇窥视别人的私人生活。

3）I saw her peeping through the curtains into the room.

我看见她正在透过窗帘往房间里偷看。

4）She was angry for her mother ' s peeping at her diary.

她因母亲偷看她的日记而生气。

peek “窥视”、“偷看”，泛指各种方式的窥视、偷看。使用范围比peep 广。

（to look, especially for a short time or while trying to oid being

seen）

1）Close your eyes. Don’t peek,

闭上眼睛，别偷看。

2）I only peeked —I didn't see anything interesting"

我只是瞅了一眼，没用发现什么有兴趣的东西。

3）He was caught peeking at a girl taking a bath.

他被推抓住在偷女孩洗澡。

4）The children peeked over the wall to see what was hening inside the yard.

孩子们在墙头窥视院子里面发生的事情。

leer “斜瞅”、“睨视”、“瞄”。( to look suggestively or obliquely)

1）The old lady at the desk leered at her knowingly.

办公桌旁的老太婆会心地斜睨了她一眼。

2）He was always leering at female members of staff.

她老是睨视女职员。

glance “匆匆一看”、“扫视”。指迅速地看一眼，扫一眼；或指粗略地看一下，浏

览一下。（to give a quick and brief look）

1）He walked quickly and glanced back now and then to see if he was being

followed.

他走得很快，不时回头看了一眼，想看看他是否被人跟踪。

2）On the subway train, I always like to glance at the headlines in the newspaper.

在地铁上我总是喜欢看看报纸的大标题。

3）I thought I heard someone following me, and glancing round, I caught sight of

a dark figure in the shadows.

我觉得我听到了有人跟随我的声音，便环视四周，发现黑暗中有一个人影。

4）Could you glance through this letter and see if it's alright?

你能浏览一下这封信，看看它是没问题?

glimpse “瞥见”、“瞥见一眼”。在很短的时间里瞥见、扫见某人或某物，没有完

全看清。(to see something or someone for a very short time and do not

see very clearly or completely)

1）I glimpsed her among the crowd just before she diseared from sight.

我在人群中瞥见了她，转眼她就消失了。

2）We glimpsed the ruined abbey from the windows of the train.

我们从火车的窗户瞥见了这栋烧毁了的修道院。

3）I only glimpsed him in the street corner, so I cannot guess where he was going.

我只是在街角瞥见他一眼，所以我不猜出他要到哪里去。

gape “凝视”，指目瞪口呆地注视。（to look in great surprise at someone

or something, especially with an open mouth）

1）Don` t gape: it’ s rude!

别张着嘴傻瞪着，太不礼貌了！

2）On my sudden earance, she gaped at me foolishly and said nothing for a long

time.

对我的突然出现，她目瞪口呆傻傻地凝视着我，半天没说出话来。

3）He was not the type to wander round gaping at everything like a tourist.

他不是那种像个游客似的四处闲逛、对什么都好奇张望的人。

4）Everyone gaped at the smashed cars on the freeway.

每个人看到高速公路上那部撞得面目全非的车都目瞪口呆。

gawk “呆呆地看着” ，指呆头呆脑、别傻乎乎地盯着看 (to look at someone or

something in a stupid or rude way)

1）Don’t sit there gawking like that.Give me a hand.

别傻乎乎地坐着，过来搭把手。

2）Don't gawk at that pretty girl.

别呆头呆脑地瞪着那个漂亮小妞。

3）But when the snow stopped, residents ventured outside on foot to gawk at the

mountains of snow.

但当雪停了，居民冒险步行出去看山上的积雪。

4）Participants are, of course, tethered while they walk and gawk at the city

below.

当然，参与者都用绳系着，一边走一边惊呆地看下面的城市。

ogle “媚眼看”，指送秋波，施媚眼。 (to look at someone with obviously

ual interest)

1）He likes to ogle at the pretty girls.

他爱盯着漂亮的女孩子。

2）I saw you just now ogling the woman in the red dress.

我刚才看见你色眯眯地盯着那个穿红衣服妇女看。

3）He ogled at all the attractive girls in the office.

他向办公室里所有有魅力的女孩暗送秋波。

4）Don ' t ogle at other girls in front of your girlfriend. It ' ll make her

jealous.

在你女朋友的面前最好不要跟别的女人眉来眼去，这样会让她忌妒。

look是常用词,指“注意或有意识地看”

gaze指“由于惊讶、好奇、喜悦、同情或感兴趣而目不转睛地看”

glare指由于“羡幕、恐惧、惊讶或愚蠢而用恐吓、凶狠或愤怒的眼光看”

peek指“偷看”、“通过孔隙窥视”

see的意思是：经过有意识地使用视觉器官才能“看到”

watch 表示“观看”或“监视”的意思,一般目的物应处于运动状态.

从别的地方摘过来的~ 望笑纳~

大学体验英语(Experiencing English)综合教程.第4册.答案

另一个方法就是一种化学物质的组织机构作为“权威”的创意或灾难援助反应队鉴定委员会已经确认它是导致癌症的出生缺陷或其他生殖伤害。下列组织已经被指定为权威机构:美国环境保护署,美国食品及Drug药Administration(美国FDA)、国家职业安全与健康研究所、国家毒理学,以及国际癌症研究机构。

第三个方式为一种化学物质被列出的机构的州或联邦的要求,它被确认为是导致癌症或其他生殖或出生缺陷或伤害。在这种方式最多化学列出所需要的是处方药的美国食品及药物管理局(FDA)包含有关癌症或警告出生缺陷或其他生殖伤害。

另外还有三个上市手续,还要求上市的命题的65岁以上的特定化学物质科学标准及会议确定在加州劳动代码作为致癌或致畸或其他生殖伤害。这种方法被用来建立初始化学列表下面的命题选民核准65 1986年。

要求做什么地方命题65岁加利福尼亚州做生意的公司吗?

企业都必须提供一个“清晰和合理的“警告之前,任何情况下故意揭露上市的化学物质。这个预警可以通过多种方式,例如通过标签的消费品,张贴在工作场所的迹象,分布在房屋出租复杂通知,或出版的报纸。一旦一个化学是上市、企业有12个月的要求,符合警告。

65也禁止公司,主张在加州明知做生意的化学物质进入源放电列出的饮用水。一旦一个化学是上市、企业有20个月来符合排放的限制。

公司以低于10雇员和机构被免除命题的要求,65岁以上的禁止注入饮用水源。公司也正免除了警告,要求和排放的暴露他们造成如此之低,创造并没有显著的患癌症的风险,或出生缺陷或其他生殖伤害。健康风险在下面详细说明。

什么意思?一个警告,

如果一个警告被放在一个产品标签或邮寄或分布在工作场所、商业或出租房,商务发布警告意识或相信一个或更多的上市化学品是目前法律必须给予警告,除非暴露是上市公司的化学物质间无显著低到足以造成癌症的风险显著低于水平观察导致出生缺陷或其他生殖伤害。

求一个与“知识就是力量”这句名言有关的英文小故事！！！！

Unit 1 无名英雄：职业父亲意味着什么？

Passage A

EX.3 BADDC

EX. 4 1 media

2 images

3 abusive

4 fulfilling

5 recognition

6 status

7 stresses

8 aware

9 deserve

Ex.5

1. obligation

2. lauded

3. fulfilled

4. mirror 5. flexibility

6. devalue

7. striving

8. entailed

9. supposedly

10. Consequently

Ex6.

1. refer to as

2. at best

3. by the same token

4. at large

5. h

elp up …as

Ex.8

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. With his promotion, he has taken on greater responsibilities.

He felt he did not he to make such a commitment to John any mo

3. Mary likes to go shopping in her spare time, as opposed to Lucy, who prefers to stay at home reading. 4. At best he’s ambitious, at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications. 5. We he striven to the full to convince him, but we he made no headway.

男子汉宣言

Ex12. DCACA Ex13. 1 redefined 2 sphere 3 accomplishment 4 opposite 5 playmates 6 emotionally 7 equality 8 initiative 9 status 10 change Ex14. 1. equality 2. sustained 3. clue 4. expansiveness 5. was sacked 6. defined 7. sphere 8. sour 9. depressing 10. division Ex15. 1. in the way 2. falling apart 3. he ruled out 4. at this rate 5. took up Passage B Ex. 17 Translate the following sentences into English. 1. The popularity of Internet provides people with quick and convenient access to information. 2. Since he doesn’t agree to this plan, there is not much point in thinking about it any more. 3. I hen't seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a very good film. 4. If you don't work hard, you'll end up nowhere. 5. It's up to the United States to take the initiative in banning nuclear weapons.

Unit 2 为什么数字文化对你有好处？

Ex5. 1.awaited, 2.he overtaken, 3.pose, 4.cues, 5.has undermined, 6.soptted, 7.judged, 8.distracted, 9.offend, 10.mask Ex6. 1.brought out, 2.with the exception of, 3.thanks to, 4.taken in, 5.capable of Ex8. 1. He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy would be. 2. As for her father, she is not sure whether he will accept her and her baby. 3. Staying up late will undermine one?s health while going to bed early and getting up early will benefit it. 4. The ambassador personally conveyed the president?s message to the premier. 5. The girl decided to open up and tell the police what she had seen.

文化存在差异吗？

Ex14.

1.embarrassed,

2.tutor,

3.potential,

4.hence,

5.yield,

6.affection,

7.ropriate,

8.presentation,

9.romantic,

10.recommendation

Ex15.

1.in terms of,

2.participating in,

3.get down to,

4.base...on,

5.acts on

Ex17.

Excessive exercises does more harm than good to one?s health. Therefore we must control the amount of exercise we do.

He made a few attempts to join in their conversation, but he ge up out of timidness.

Trains cannot compete with planes in terms of convenience and speed.

Making a comparison between Chinese and American cultures will help you to better understand and adapt to your study

environment in the USA.

It is a traditional Chinese virtue for the young on buses to yield their seats to the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled.

Unit 3 版权的十大神话

Key to Exercises 5. 1. violated 2. derive 3. blocked 4. default 5. rationalized 6. quoted 7. exclusive 8. contacted 9. anonymous 10. charge 6 1. is up to 2.resulted in 3.was charged with 4.was unlikely 5. handing out 8. 1. It is simply unbelievable for him to change 500 dollars for a haircut. 2. People grant you the privilege, so you should serve the people wholeheartedly. 3. The weather forecast is very important so that we can decide when to go to sea. 4. The sound of guns violated the usual calmness of Sunday morning, and people had a strong feeling that the war was coming. 5. Even though you read three pages per minute, you will by no means finish the book by the end of this weekend.

你是一个版权犯罪者吗?

Key to Exercises 14. 1.he witnessed 2. trample 3. abusing 4.manual 5. duplicated 6. knowingly 7. tactic 8. patrolling 9. budget 10. enforce 15. 1. end up 2. give...short shrift 3. step up ...to 4. infringed on 5. doesn?t fit into 16. 1 a fine 2. rights/law 3. to violate law/rights 4. money 5.deadlines 6.a presentation 7. rehearsals 8. a copy/money 9. permission 10.an interview 17. 1. He can beat his opponent easily without giving a second thought. 2. With little or no knowledge of driving, he drove the car onto the road. 3. It is illegal to make an unauthorized change in the construction of the bridge. 4. I could accept this fact calmly because I knew if I were not able to finish the mission, chances were that the team would be defeated. 5. Children in remote mountain areas are lacking in scientific and cultural knowledge.

Unit 4 学英语既有乐趣又有回报

Key to Ex. 5. 1. sensitive 2. classification 3. sufficiently 4. steer 5. familiarity 6. consequently 7. reward 8. qualifications 9. fundamentals 10. evaluate 6. 1. As for 2. focus…on 3. benefit…from 4. failed to 5. relevant to 8. 1. My grandfather’s interests rang from playing chess to climbing mountains although he is 70 years. 2. Surprisingly, Tom’s grandmother plays with dolls at the age of 80. 3. His selflessness and talent qualify him for the job most students dream to get. 4. What interpretation would you put on his odd/strange dream? 5. The brand-new car our boss has just bought id capable of making 200 kilometers an hour.

“日本式英语”能成为一种合法的语言吗?

Key to EX. 14. 1. beyond 2. champions 3. ignored 4. obliged 5. sheer 6. lagged 7. prospects 8. proficiency 9. prejudice 10. claim 15. 1. in a way 2. drawing up 3. calls for 4. signed up for 5. set…back 17. 1. He suggested at the board meeting that the easy task should be left to Mary whose health is poor. 2. Mr Brown, who is in Hong Kong now, has a lot of teaching experience and will come to teach our students in the spring. 3. This is the best hotel in our city: the food is good and the same is true of the service. 4. In order to attract more passengers, the caption assured all the passengers of the safety of treling by ship. 5. His new car, for which he had paid ￥150 000, was seriously damaged in an accident and was beyond repair.

Unit 5 道德利益怎样在商业中遵纪守法获得成功

我现在要说道德涉及的不是一个方面。商业道德有三个清晰的侧面，每一个侧面在确保商业成功中都在起着特有的作用。 Key to Exercises 5. 1. morality 2. quest 3. downright 4. advocated 5. contemporaries 6. deceiving 7.exclusive 8. obstructing 9. captured 10. conscience 6. 1. took to 2. goes back 3. carry… out 4. pointed to 5. in opposition to 8. 1. The airplane they boarded soared out of sight right after it took off. 2. At the meeting, the two sides had a hot debate. The reformers put forward many reforming measures. 3. In the long run, we should learn more about science and technology. Besides our major subjects, knowledge of computers, English and driving is necessary for our work. 4. She does gymnastic exercises four times a week in the quest to achieve the perfect body. 5. Every morning in the park, some old people are doing physical exercises there, chatting with each other at the same time.

商业诚信

Key to Exercises 14. 1. compelled 2. compassion 3. disclosure 4. exploring 5. malnourished 6. plaguing 7. pledge 8. breach 9. span 10. transaction 15. 1. sitting idle 2. broke down 3. in all respects 4. ge… credit 5. by the conduct of 17. 1. Won’t it be better if we take measures to change the present situation? 2. I didn’t give him credit for such a skill. (I didn’t give credit to him for such a skill.) 3. They he been learning English up to now, though in their advanced age. 4. He has not been to school for seven days because of illness. 5. The children ran out of the classroom, jumping and singing.

Unit 6 人爱好足球有利健康吗？ — 为什么球迷知道真相

Key to Exercises 5. 1. achievement 2. self-esteem 3. primitive 4. aroused 5. identified 6. confrontation 7. conflict 8. soaring 9. abandoned 10. professional 6. 1. through thick and thin 2. root for 3. backed up 4. belonged to 5. ste off 8. 1. She portrayed her childhood as a time of wonder and discovery. 2. Experiments showed that nonsmokers committed fewer errors than smokers. 3. Football fans are often highly regarded not for their own achievement, but through their connection to a team that wins. 4. Despite the actors’ wonderful acting, the three-hour movie could not hold our attention. 5. Professor Wang is the only doctor I can rely on to se my son.

男人工作有利于健康

Key to Exercises 14. 1. victim 2. depress 3. devote 4. concluded 5. beneficial 6. recreational 7. propelled 8. financial 9. nothing 10 regardless 15. 1. along with 2. agree with 3. in terms of 4. go back to 5. be responsible for 17. 1. We don’t think your proposal is quite in place, so you should give it up. 2. When he arrived home, he found nothing but some broken furniture there. 3. Given the condition of the engine, it is a wonder that it even starts. 4. In terms of employment, the hotel industry is the second largest industry in this country. 5. Everyone in this country had the right to live where he wants to, regardless of the color of his skin.

Unit 7 面对退休的恐惧

Key to exercises 5. 1. succession 2. prevalent 3 fragile 4. generated 5. accomplish 6. graceful 7. imposed 8. insecurity 9. indispensable 10. acclaim 6. 1. at stake 2. clings to 3. hang on 4. turned…over 5. referred to…as 8. 1. Although he said he had done a lot for the case, his success was at least in part due to luck. 2. The issue to be discussed is critical, because it will determine the future of many people. 3. I?ll try my best to oid imposing my ideas on others. 4. Rarely can people face up to the defects in their own characters in such a situation. 5. College life is referred to as the most beautiful period of one?s life.

退休金 —— 婴儿潮时期出生的一代人的担心

Key to Exercises 14. 1. certify 2. consulted 3. monthly 4. maintained 5. benefits 6. survey 7. restless 8. aggressive 9. evaporated 10. maximum 15. 1. scrape together 2. sunk in 3. count on 4. account for 5. laid off 17. 1. Generally speaking he is quite learned, especially in the field of mathematics. However, when it comes to politics, he knows nothing. 2. According to the survey they made of the 1000 workers who missed out on the chance to go to university, their failure in the college entrance examinations had a profound effect on their later life. 3. Owing to cost rise, employers refuse to pay the retirement pension for their employees. On the flip side, employees are unwilling to stay in the same company for their whole lives. 4. Since you?ve told me who should take responsibility for the matter, I will not pursue it any further. 5. I will try to set aside half an hour each day to do some exercise even in the busiest season.

Unit 8 2 DDDBD ABB 4 Complete the summary of the text. 1 potential 2 created 3. distribution 4 consumers 5. overcome 6 express 7 affection 8 global 9 fashionable 10 impressive Read and complete 5 fill in the blanks with the words given 1 rescue 2 fancy 3 potential 4 dilemma 5. restricted 6 descendant 7. affections 8 samples 9. were assessed 10 version 6. Complete the following sentences with phrases or expressions from the passage.

1 has taken root 2 turned out 3 in person 4. ran into 5 prefer to 8. Translate the following sentences into English 1. No matter what difficulties we come across, we should try our best to overcome them. 2. Respecting the old and caring for the young is a traditional Chinese virtue. 3 Today, people from all walks of life are trying to acquire more knowledge to keep pace with the development of the times. 4 Children he a fancy for cartoons. 5 given that they are lacking in experience/ inexperienced/ green hand, they he done a good job.

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ICH-GCP 9.1 Research Misconduct（1）

When I was young my father said to me:

"Knowledge is Power....Francis Bacon"

I understood it as "Knowledge is power, France is Bacon".

For more than a decade I wondered over the meaning of the second part and what was the surreal linkage between the two? If I said the quote to someone, "Knowledge is power, France is Bacon" they nodded knowingly. Or someone might say, "Knowledge is power" and I'd finish the quote "France is Bacon" and they wouldn't look at me like I'd said something very odd but thoughtfully agree. I did ask a teacher what did "Knowledge is power, France is bacon" meant and got a full 10 minute explanation of the Knowledge is power bit but nothing on "France is bacon". When I prompted further explanation by saying "France is Bacon?" in a questioning tone I just got a "yes". at 12 I didn't he the confidence to press it further. I just accepted it as something I'd never understand.

It wasn't until years later I saw it written down that the penny dropped.

小时候，爸爸对我说：“知识就是力量。——弗朗西斯·培根”

然而，年幼的我对于陌生的人名缺乏认识，便想当然地将这句话听成了："知识就是力量。法国就是培根。”

之后的十多年里，这句名言的后半部分一直在困扰着我：它是什么意思？为什么能和前半句列在一起？知识与力量、法国与培根之间，难道冥冥之中有着什么难以言喻的联系吗？

我无法理解。可是，每当我向大人们提起“知识就是力量，法国就是培根”这句话，他们却只是赞同地点点头。

或者是当有人说了句“知识就是力量”时，我会紧跟着接上一句“法国就是培根”……可从没有人用怪异的眼光看着我、认为我说了奇怪的事，而只是若有所思地表示同意。

我还专门去问过一个老师，“知识就是力量，法国就是培根。”这句话是什么意思，然而得到的答复却是整整10分钟关于“知识就是力量”的解释，压根没有触及一点儿“法国就是培根”的内容。当我怯生生地用疑问的语气提醒老师，“法国就是培根？”他只是说了句“没错。”只有12岁的我没有勇气和自信再追问下去。我绝望了。从那一刻起，我知道自己永远不可能理解这句谜一般的话语背后的奇特意义，我放弃了追寻，仅仅将它当作是可以挂在嘴边、却不去思考其意味的一个谜。

直到多年之后在书籍中偶尔见到这句话，我才意识到发生了什么。那一瞬间，童年崩坏……

Part 1: Introduction

Part 2: Identifying Research Misconduct

Part 3: Investigating Allegations of Research Misconduct

Public concern about misconduct in research arose in the early 1980s after reports of serious misbehior by researchers. In one case, a researcher republished dozens of articles under his name that had previously been published by others. In other cases, researchers falsified or made up research results. Instead of looking into these problems, research institutions sometimes ignored them or covered them up.

公众对科研不端行为的关注始于20世纪80年代初，此前有研究人员严重不当行为的报道。在一个案例中，一名研究人员以他的名义重新发表了几十篇以前由他人发表的文章。在其他情况下，研究人员伪造或编造研究结果。研究机构有时忽视或掩盖这些问题，而不是调查这些问题。

Eventually, Congress required federal agencies and research institutions to develop policies on research misconduct. The U.S. Public Health Service created regulations for dealing with research misconduct ( 42 CFR 50 Subpart A ). These policies generally he three goals:

最终，国会要求联邦机构和研究机构制定有关研究不当行为的政策。美国公共卫生署制定了处理研究不当行为的法规（42 CFR 50子部分A）。这些政策通常有三个目标：

Ⅰ、To define research misconduct.

Ⅱ、To establish procedures for reporting and investigating research misconduct.

Ⅲ、To protect both those who report alleged research misconduct and those accused of research misconduct.

1、界定科研不端行为。

2、建立报告和调查研究不当行为的程序。

3、保护举报涉嫌科研不端行为的人员和被控科研不端行为的人员。

This module discusses how federal policy defines research misconduct and provides a brief overview of the processes established by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) for responding to allegations of misconduct in PHS-supported research.

本模块讨论了联邦政策如何定义研究不端行为，并简要概述了美国公共卫生服务局(PHS)为应对公共卫生服务局支持的研究中的不端行为指控而建立的程序。

Federal regulations define research misconduct as:

"... fabrication, falsification, plagiarism , or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research."

联邦法规将研究不端行为定义为：

“…… 捏造、伪造、剽窃或其他严重偏离科学界普遍接受的提议、进行或报告研究的做法。”

Ⅰ、 Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

Ⅱ、 Falsification is changing research materials, equipment, or processes or altering or omitting data or results so that the research record does not accurately reflect the research findings.

Ⅲ、 Plagiarism is using another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving ropriate credit.

1、制作是指制作数据或结果并记录或报告。

2、伪造是指改变研究材料、设备或过程，或改变或省略数据或结果，使研究记录不能准确反映研究结果。

3、剽窃是指使用他人的想法、过程、结果或话语而没有给予适当的信任。

Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion. In addition, the federal policy on research misconduct does not ly to authorship disputes unless they involve plagiarism.

研究不端行为不包括诚实的错误或意见分歧。此外，联邦科研不端行为政策不适用于著作权纠纷，除非涉及剽窃。

Research misconduct has a very specific meaning in federal regulations. Noncompliance with policies and procedures for the protection of human research subjects, although reportable to an Institutional Review Board (IRB), is not considered to be research misconduct under the federal definition.

研究不端行为在联邦法规中有非常具体的含义。不遵守保护人类研究对象的政策和程序，尽管可向机构审查委员会（IRB）报告，但根据联邦定义，不被视为研究不当行为。

Federal policy on research misconduct lies to all federally funded research and all proposals submitted to federal agencies for research funding.

关于研究不当行为的联邦政策适用于所有联邦资助的研究以及向联邦机构提交的所有研究资助提案。

Many research institutions and universities ly the federal policy on research misconduct to all research, whether or not it is federally funded. In addition, many institutions he broadened the federal definition of research misconduct to include other improper practices. Researchers must be familiar with their institutional policies on research misconduct as well as with the federal policy.

许多研究机构和大学对所有研究都适用联邦关于研究不当行为的政策，无论其是否由联邦资助。此外，许多机构扩大了联邦对研究不当行为的定义，将其他不当行为也包括在内。研究人员必须熟悉其关于研究不当行为的机构政策以及联邦政策。

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) in the Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for promoting research integrity within the U.S. Public Health Service. ORI oversees investigations of research misconduct allegations and makes final decisions on findings of research misconduct.

卫生与公共服务部的研究诚信办公室（ORI）负责促进美国公共卫生服务部门的研究诚信。ORI监督对科研不端行为指控的调查，并对科研不端行为的调查结果做出最终决定。

Through its Rapid Response Technical Assistance Program, ORI provides technical assistance to any institution that is responding to an allegation of research misconduct. In addition, researchers may hold informal discussions with ORI about allegations of research misconduct or the handling of research misconduct cases.

ORI通过其快速反应技术援助，向任何回应研究不当行为指控的机构提供技术援助。此外，研究人员可能与ORI就科研不端行为的指控或科研不端行为案件的处理进行非正式讨论。

Records maintained by ORI during the investigation of an allegation of research misconduct are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act to the extent permitted by law and regulation.

根据《信息自由法》，在法律和法规允许的范围内， ORI在调查研究不当行为指控期间保存的记录可免于披露。

Research misconduct destroys the integrity or honesty of the research record. This sets it apart from other improper activities that may occur in research settings (e.g., financial conflicts of interest, misuse of grant funds, violation of human subject protections, ual harassment, and discrimination). Although these improper activities are taken very seriously, they are not considered research misconduct because they do not alter the integrity of the research record.

研究不端行为破坏了研究记录的完整性或诚实性。这使其与研究环境中可能发生的其他不当活动（例如，财务利益冲突、滥用拨款、违反人体保护、和歧视）区别开来。尽管这些不当行为受到了非常严肃的对待，但它们不被视为研究不当行为，因为它们不会改变研究记录的完整性。

The term fraud has often been used to describe dishonesty in research. However, this term is more aptly used to describe illegal, deceptive financial practices. Behior that destroys the integrity of the research record through fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism is most aptly termed research misconduct.

欺诈一词经常被用来描述研究中的不诚实行为。然而，这个术语更适合用来描述非法的、欺骗性的金融行为。通过捏造、伪造或剽窃破坏研究记录完整性的行为最恰当地称为研究不端行为。

Instructions: Based on the description below, choose whether the information is True or False.

说明：根据下面的描述，选择信息是否正确。

All three of the elements below must be present for a finding of research misconduct to be made. Under federal policy, a finding of research misconduct requires that:

Ⅰ、There be a significant departure from accepted practices of the relevant research community; and

Ⅱ、The misconduct be committed intentionally, or knowingly, or recklessly; and

Ⅲ、The allegation be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.

Feedback: Is this information True or False? All three of the elements must be present for a finding of research misconduct to be made. Therefore, the correct response is True.

必须具备以下三个要素，才能发现研究不当行为。根据联邦政策，研究不端行为的发现要求：

1、与相关研究团体的公认实践存在重大偏差；和

2、故意、明知或罔顾后果的不当行为；和

3、该指控应以大量证据予以证明。

反馈：这些信息是真是？必须具备所有三个要素，才能发现研究不当行为。因此，正确的回答是正确的。

Federal policy on research misconduct places the primary responsibility for reporting and investigating allegations of research misconduct with researchers and research institutions. This is consistent with the position, supported by most researchers, that research is a profession that should regulate its own conduct.

联邦关于研究不当行为的政策规定，研究人员和研究机构负有举报和调查研究不当行为指控的主要责任。这与得到大多数研究人员支持的观点是一致的，即研究是一种应该规范自身行为的职业。

Research institutions that receive federal funding are expected to:

Ⅰ、Foster an environment that discourages all research misconduct.

Ⅱ、Use procedures for receiving and investigating reports of research misconduct.

Ⅲ、Inform scientific and administrative staff of the procedures for responding to allegations of research misconduct and of the importance of complying with these procedures.

Ⅳ、Take immediate, ropriate action when research misconduct is suspected or alleged to he occurred at the institution.

Ⅴ、Investigate and rule on suspicions or allegations of research misconduct.

Ⅵ、Report both the start of and the results of a formal investigation (not the initial inquiry) into an allegation of research misconduct to the Office of Office of Research Integrity.

Ⅶ、File an Annual Report on Possible Research Misconduct with the designated federal agency.

接受联邦资助的研究机构应:

1、培养一个不鼓励所有研究不端行为的环境。

2、使用接收和调查研究不端行为报告的程序。

3、告知科学和行政人员应对研究不当行为指控的程序以及遵守这些程序的重要性。

4、当怀疑或指称研究机构发生不当行为时，立即取适当行动。

5、对科研不端行为的怀疑或指控进行调查和裁决。

6、向研究诚信办公室报告对研究不端行为指控的正式调查（而非初步调查）的开始和结果。

7、向指定的联邦机构提交关于可能的研究不当行为的年度报告。

Federal policy on research misconduct assumes that research is a self-regulating profession. To be successful, professional self-regulation relies on conscientious participation by all members of the profession. Individual researchers are expected to:

关于研究不当行为的联邦政策定研究是一种自我调节的职业。要取得成功，专业自律有赖于所有专业人员的认真参与。个人研究人员应：

Ⅰ、Maintain a high standard of integrity at all times in all of their research activities.

Ⅱ、Assume responsibility for their actions.

Ⅲ、Take misconduct or alleged misconduct seriously.

Ⅳ、Report arent misconduct by other researchers.

Ⅴ、Keep confidential at all times information that is relevant to an investigation of alleged misconduct.

1、在所有研究活动中始终保持高标准的诚信。

2、对自己的行为负责。

3、认真对待不当行为或被指控的不当行为。

4、报告其他研究人员的明显不当行为。

5、始终对与涉嫌不当行为调查有关的信息保密。